History SBA Essay

Statement of Aim Throughout this research paper, the reader will have a better understanding of the different forms of resistance. Also the reader will have the ability to compare the two types of resistance which were active and passive. And finally the reader will be able to tell which type of resistance was most effective and most common between active and passive. Rationale The reason topic being chosen is to better elucidate the different forms of resistance and how effective it was in the Caribbean. As for a historian, this topic allowed me to open my mind by analyzing the types of resistance and interpreting it in the SBA. Resistance of slaves was a great part of Caribbean history which is currently still the most debated topic. With that being said, I felt a need to choose this topic. INTRODUCTION Resistance of slaves was a great part of Caribbean history. There were two  types of resistance practiced by slaves: passive (day by day) and active resistance. In this research paper I will show different types of resistance and their level of effectiveness in battling slavery. FORMS OF RESISTANCE & ITS EFFECTIVENESS The most common form of resistance available to slaves was what is known as â€Å"day-to-day† resistance, or small acts of rebellion, most popularly known as passive resistance. This form of resistance included sabotage, such as breaking tools or setting fire to buildings. Striking out at a slave owner’s property was a way to strike at the man himself, albeit indirectly. Other methods of day-to-day resistance were feigning illness, playing dumb, or slowing down work. Both men and women faked being ill to gain relief from their harsh working conditions. Women may have been able to feign illness more easily–they were expected to provide their owners with children, and at least some owners would have wanted to protect the childbearing capacity of their female slaves. Slaves could also play on their masters’ and mistresses’ prejudices by seeming to not understand instructions. When possible, slaves could also decrease their pace of work. Women more often worked in the household and could sometimes use their position to undermine their masters. Poisoning the master was very popular .In general women may have used birth control or abortion to keep potential children out of slavery. Many slave owners were convinced that female slaves had ways of preventing pregnancy. Throughout the history of Caribbean slavery, Africans resisted whenever possible. The odds against slaves succeeding at a rebellion or in escaping permanently were so overwhelming that most slaves resisted the only way they could, which was through individual actions. Slaves also resisted the system of slavery through the formation of a distinctive culture and through their religious beliefs, which kept hope alive in the face of such severe persecution. The other form of resistance was active resistance, which consisted of running away and conducting rebellions. Slaves who ran away most often did so for a short period of time. These runaway slaves might hide in a nearby forest or visit a relative or spouse on another plantation. They did so to escape a harsh punishment that had been  threatened, to obtain relief from a heavy workload, or just to escape the drudgery of everyday life under slavery. Others were able to run away and escape slavery permanently. Running away was difficult; slaves had to leave behind family members and risk harsh punishment or even death if caught. Many of the successful runaways were only successful after multiple attempts. Runaway slaves would often choose holidays or days off to give them extra lead time (before being missed in the fields or at work). Many fled on foot, coming up with ways to throw off dogs in pursuit, such as taking to water or using pepper to disguise their scent. Slave rebellions all over the Caribbean region were common. There is documented evidence of uprisings in at least 20 islands. In many of the territories multiple revolts occurred. Furthermore, there are many cases when conspiracies were put down before there was any violence. The slaughter of the native population by the early 18th Century left the colonist landowners without a work force for the great sugar, coffee, cocoa and cotton plantations that formed the backbone of the region’s economy. African slaves were brought in to work the land. By the 1720s the population of the Caribbean ranged from a low of about 30 % in Cuba to more than 90 % in other islands. Most whites, however, lived in cities; in the countryside the racial makeup favored Blacks 50 to 1. None-the-less, all economic, political and social power was in the hands of the Europeans. There is no need to discuss the many evils of slavery suffice it to say that revolts began before long. Initial revolts took place in Hispaniola and Puerto Rico in the late 16th Century and, Barbados, Jamaica and Antigua early in the 17th. By the middle of the 18th Century, Antigua, Guadeloupe, Sainte Domingue (Haiti), and Dominica had experience various degrees of violence. Newly brought slaves – those that had been free in Africa – were more likely to revolt than the ones born in captivity. In some islands, rebellion was instigated by opposition colonial powers during European wars; an uprising in a Spanish colony could be prompted by French agents; or British agents could bring about a rebellion in a French colony and so forth. The Berbice Slave Uprising was a slave revolt in Guyana that began on 23 February 176and lasted into 1764. It is seen as a  major event in Guyana’s anti-colonial struggles, and when Guyana became a republic in 1970 the state declared 23 February as a day to commemorate the start of the Berbice slave revolt. In 1762, the population of the Dutch colony of Berbice included 3,833 enslaved Blacks, 244 enslaved Amerindians or indigenous people, and 346 whites. On 23 February 1763, slaves on Plantation Magdalenenberg on the Canje River in Berbice[ rebelled, protesting harsh and inhumane treatment. They torched the plantation house, and then went to other plantations to mobilize other enslaved Africans to join the rebellion. Cuffy, a house slave at Lilienburg, another plantation on Canje, is said to have organized them into a military unit. As plantation after plantation fell to the slaves, the Dutch settlers fled northward and the rebels began to take over control of the region. For almost a year, the rebels held on to southern Berbice, while the whites were able to hold on to the north. Eventually only about half of the white population that had lived in the colony remained. The rebels came to number about 3,000 and threatened European control over the Guianas. Other key figures among the rebels include Atta, Accara and Accabre. The insurgents were eventually defeated in the spring of 1764 with the assistance of troops from neighbouring French and British colonies and from Europe. Cuba with seven documented significant insurrections in the 19th Century is second to Jamaica, which had 14 verified slave rebellions from the mid 18th Century to the mid 19th. The greatest slave revolution in Jamaica was the Baptist War of 1831-1832. It began simply as a general strike during the Christmas season. The slaves, led by one Samuel Sharp, wanted liberation and decent paid. It is not clear why it turned into a fully fledged revolt, but the landowners considered so from the beginning. About 14 Europeans were killed and thousands of acres of crops burned. Within 10 days, it was put down. Anywhere from 20,000 to 60,000 slaves participated in the uprising. Between 200 and 400 die in the fighting and similar numbers were later hunted down. Sharp was executed by hanging. Promises of freedom for the slaves which put an end to the fighting were not kept. British forces landed in the island and hung close to 3,500 slaves. Many additional Africans received other kinds of punishment . The revolt known for its connection to a couple of Baptist parishes was over. The most successful slave revolt to take place in the Caribbean Basin was the Haitian Revolution of 1791 to 1804. The uprising by the slave population in the western part of Hispaniola was influenced by the ideals of the Enlightenment and French Revolution – which had been launched just two years before. The leader of the revolt was Toussaint L’Ouverture. The whole process of liberation involves a complex combination of the slave’s revolts; European politics which resulted in the slaves allying themselves first with the Spanish and British and later, with the French; and total control of the island. Eventually, the government of Napoleon Bonaparte would send troops to re-conquer Saint Domingue and would send L’Ouverture in chains to France, where the Haitian leader would die in 1803. However, L’Ouverture’s second in command, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, would declare Haiti a sovereign nation the following year. Haiti thus joined the United States as the only former American territories to gain independence before the 19th Century and the first former European colony liberated by slaves. CONCLUSION From what was explained, it is clear passive resistance was more successful than active resistance. The only level of success achieved actively was the few slaves who ran away and were not caught and the Haitian Revolution. Passive resistance was tolerated for the most part because I feel it didn’t affect productivity on the plantation unlike active resistance that affected production negatively so the masters focused on it strong and stopped them. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Caribbean: Caribbean Story Book Bk. 1 (Caribbean Story History) February 6, 2002 by William Claypole (Author), John Robottom (Author) 2. Ford, Lacy K. Deliver Us from Evil: The Slavery Question in the Old South. New York: Oxford University Press US, 2009. 3. Franklin, John Hope and Loren Schweninger. Runaway Slaves: Rebels on the Plantation. New York: Oxford University Press US, 2000. 4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_rebellion 5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Revolution

Leonardo vs. Michelangelo

Leonardo versus Michelangelo Violet Jane Greeley Art Appreciation ART 101 Carrie Ann Wills November 13, 2012 Da Vinci versus Michelangelo Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simone shared many similarities. Both were painters, sculptors, and poets. They both had a tendency to leave their works incomplete. Both artists quickly surpassed the talents of their instructors and achieved fame with ease. In addition, both artists were known to have studied anatomy by dissecting human cadavers [ (Bambach, 2002) ].Together they make up two thirds of the Renaissance’s three greatest artistic minds of all times, the other being Raphael. In this paper, I will first give a brief biography of each artist, then compare and contrast three works of art by Leonardo with three works of art by Michelangelo, followed by a discussion on how each artist made their own personal influence on the world of art in Italy and Europe during the 16th century, and provide supporting examp les. Leonardo was born on April 15, 1452 and passed away on May 1, 1519 [ (Helicon, 2005) ].Leonardo’s first painting and sculpting instructor was Andrea del Verrocchio, with whom he was apprenticed to and even surpassed in skill [ (Vasari, 2006) ]. During his apprenticeship to Verrocchio, Leonardo excelled at many skills including painting, sculpting, architecture, engineering, and mathematics [ (Vasari, 2006) ]. Still further, he studied subjects such as botany, geology, geography, zoology, anatomy, hydraulics and mechanics [ (Kleiner, 2010) ].Michelangelo was born on March 6, 1475 and passed away on February 18, 1565 [ (Jacobs, 1968) ]. When Michelangelo was fourteen years old, he was apprenticed to Domenico Ghirlandajo in April, 1488 [ (Vasari, 2006) ] [ (Gombrich, 1995) ]. Before long, Michelangelo excelled in his artistic ability, surpassed his fellow apprentices, and at times even rivaled his master’s abilities [ (Vasari, 2006) ]. Additionally, he achieved exemp lary skills in architecture, poetry, and engineering, but was most fond of sculpting above all else [ (Kleiner, 2010) ].Although Michelangelo wasn’t apparently influenced by Ghirlandajo in artistic methods or styles, his attitude and behavior reflected that of his master more prominently by his frequent displays of vigorous work ethics and an impatient temperament [ (Gombrich, 1995) ]. While under the tutelage of Ghirlandajo, Michelangelo carefully analyzed old and new artists and their techniques. These included but weren’t limited to Giotto, Masaccio, Donatello, Ghiberti, Benedetto da Majano, Mino da Fiesole, Antonio Rossellino and Jacopo della Quercia Rolland [ (Rolland, 1921) ].Florentines whose influence can be seen in Michelangelo’s works are Giotto and Masaccio [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. A year after his apprenticeship to Ghirlandajo, he was also introduced to Bertoldo di Giovanni (who was himself once a student of Donatello) through Lorenzo the Magnificent, an d was instructed on the art of sculpture in the Garden of Medici as well as being influenced by Lorenzo de Medici [ (Kleiner, 2010) ] [ (Rolland, 1921) ].His original intent in joining with Giovanni was to gain experience with the tradition of Donatello and to enhance his knowledge of antiquities, but the most precious asset Michelangelo acquired from Giovanni was access to and the friendship of the Medici family [ (Rolland, 1921) ]. From 1492 to 1494, Michelangelo obtained an extraordinary opportunity to study anatomy in the hospital which was adjoined to San Spirito [ (Nickerson, 2008) ]. Vasari stressed the importance of studying antique forms and the significance of such in the work of all of the most highly regarded master artists in the High Renaissance era [ (Johnson, 2000) ].Leonardo, Raphael, and Michelangelo were no exceptions to this rule, and Michelangelo especially applied himself in that aspect [ (Johnson, 2000) ]. Leonardo was a major contributor to the art world in t he late 15th and early 16th centuries and a predecessor of many other artistic marvels including Raphael and Michelangelo. Here I will discuss St. Jerome in the Wilderness, The Last Supper, and Mona Lisa. St. Jerome in the Wilderness was begun in 1480 and is one of many of Leonardo’s unfinished products [ (Classics, 2012) ]. St.Jerome resides in the Vatican Museums in Rome [ (Classics, 2012) ]. St. Jerome withdrew from society into the Syrian Desert and became a recluse [ (Classics, 2012) ]. The painting illustrates a far off crucifix on the right side of the picture and St. Jerome kneeling down all the while fixing his eyes on the distant crucifix [ (Classics, 2012) ]. A rock can be seen in St. Jerome’s hand and a lion is close by [ (Classics, 2012) ]. The rock represents the object with which St. Jerome uses to punish himself for the purposes of atonement [ (Classics, 2012) ].The lion is indicative of the companion St. Jerome acquired after healing an injury to the l ions paw. A cardinal’s hat together with the lion and the stone are common traits associated with St. Jerome. Also on the right is a church between the rocks, the existence of which could indicate St. Jerome’s Doctoral position [ (Classics, 2012) ]. Leonardo used a fresh, new technique in positioning St. Jerome in a disproportionate way so that his figure was vastly different than that of the lion [ (Classics, 2012) ].Through the passage of time, this painting has endured separation and the process of reassembly [ (Classics, 2012) ]. The Last Supper came into creation beginning in 1495, was improved upon in sporadic periods, and was finished it in its entirety in 1498 [ (Classics, 2012) ]. Duke Ludovico Sforza and Duchess Beatrice d’Este commissioned The Last Supper who wanted it to be the centerpiece for the Sforza family mausoleum [ (Classics, 2012) ]. However, the painting now serves as the wall covering for the dining hall in the monastery Santa Maria del Gr azie [ (Classics, 2012) ].The Last Supper was an elaborately detailed representation of Jesus’ life as it neared its end in the Gospel of John chapter 13 verse 21. Jesus revealed his awareness of the upcoming betrayal from within his beloved discipleship as the Bible described the scene in the book of Matthew chapter 26, verse 21 [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. The reactions of the disciples ranged in varying degrees of outrage, shock, horror, grief, and disbelief as continued in the book of Matthew chapter 26, verse 22 [ (Kleiner, 2010) ].Another reference to Biblical doctrine included in the painting was the initiation of the Eucharist in the book of Luke chapter 22, verses 19 through 20 [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. In the painting, Judas was clearly stunned at the announcement of his plot [ (Classics, 2012) ]. In a state of reservation, he was grasping the money purse containing the silver which had been obtained in trade for the betrayal [ (Classics, 2012) ]. Some observers of the painting argue that the purse could also be suggestive of Judas’ status as treasurer of the group as well [ (Classics, 2012) ].Close observers may take note of Judas tipping over the salt shaker, which may be a cleverly disguised reference to a phrase which signifies the betrayal of a master [ (Classics, 2012) ]. Peter appeared to be perturbed all the while wielding a knife; this could have been a deliberate inclusion of the painting in order to give observers a sense of foreboding, a reminder of the violence to come in the midst of Jesus being arrested [ (Classics, 2012) ]. John was painted in a manner portraying him in the throes of a fainting spell [ (Classics, 2012) ].As was commonly practiced at the time, Leonardo positioned all of the disciples and Jesus on one side of the table for the purpose of being able to see them all [ (Classics, 2012) ]. Some other painters during later periods of time occasionally separated Judas from the other disciples by either seating him on the opp osing side of the table or by neglecting to give him a halo like the others in the painting, an obvious indication of his fall from grace [ (Classics, 2012) ]. Rather than denoting Judas in that way, Leonardo uses the shadows as a safe haven for the villain to conceal his own guilt in [ (Classics, 2012) ].Jesus could be seen in the painting as he pointed toward the bread and persisted in foretelling pending events by stating that the traitor would break of the bread simultaneously with himself as is suggested in the book of Luke chapter 22, verse 21 [ (Classics, 2012) ]. Judas reached for the bread as predicted because he was distracted by the conversation between John and Peter [ (Classics, 2012) ]. In this painting, the artist used a definitive method of manipulating the lighting which in turn naturally brought the observers eyes to the central focal point of the painting behind Jesus’ head [ (Classics, 2012) ].Because Leonardo used an alternative method of painting, The La st Supper rapidly began deteriorating [ (Classics, 2012) ]. Although efforts have been made to maintain its integrity, the quality of the painting has suffered substantially [ (Classics, 2012) ]. The deterioration so compromised the painting it can only be speculated upon that Leonardo originally intended for the positioning of Jesus’ feet to be suggestive of the forthcoming crucifixion [ (Classics, 2012) ].It’s quite apparent in this art piece that Leonardo did extensive research with the help of models and close observational skills to create a psychologically provocative and visually pleasing scene [ (Classics, 2012) ]. Mona Lisa otherwise known as La Gioconda was a portrait conceived in about 1503 and was completed in 1519 [ (Classics, 2012) ]. The commissioning was initiated by the woman in the painting, Lisa del Gioconda and her husband who was a prosperous silk merchant in Florence [ (Classics, 2012) ].In the beginning of its existence, Mona Lisa may have been h oused at Chateau Fontainebleau, but was then relocated to the Palace of Versailles, then to the Louvre where it remains to this day [ (Classics, 2012) ]. No other work of art in the world is more famous than Mona Lisa [ (Classics, 2012) ]. Lisa del Gioconda was a member of the Gherardini family, who were prominent Florentines [ (Classics, 2012) ]. The painting of this portrait was motivated by the acquisition of the couple’s new residence as well as in celebration of their second son having been born [ (Classics, 2012) ].Factors that aided in the promotion of this portrait gaining such colossal fame were the vague facial expression, the delicate method of painting the shapes, and the enormity of the composition [ (Classics, 2012) ]. In creating the Mona Lisa, Leonardo used a pyramid shape as a basis of effortlessly positioning the subject into the space permitted, with her hands folded demurely taking the shape of the obverse corner [ (Classics, 2012) ]. The lighting of the p ortrait gently caressed her in various places including her breast, hands, neck, and face, giving the painting added fundamental dimensions [ (Classics, 2012) ].Lisa held an erect posture, and her fixed stare was another distinct feature that gave the portrait its signature quality. The darker elements of the painting such as Lisa’s hair and veil along with the encompassing shadows help to add radiance to her face that might otherwise have been less noticeable [ (Classics, 2012) ]. Leonardo’s absence of outlining particular facial features enhanced the liveliness of the subject. As was typical of Leonardo, the comprehensive landscape, the general calmness, theatrical use of lighting and shadows, and the obscure outlining all contributed to this masterpiece [ (Classics, 2012) ].It’s important to note the background contained a visual illusion in that one side was significantly higher than the other which would be unfeasible in reality [ (Classics, 2012) ]. Howeve r because of the discrepancy, Lisa seemed to move or smile if the viewers eyes shifted from one side to the other [ (Classics, 2012) ]. The painting survived a number of attacks over a period of time including theft, an acid spill, stone throwing, and other such mishaps, but has been minimally damaged and on occasion repaired [ (Classics, 2012) ].Michelangelo created many great works in his time, and in conjunction with Leonardo and Raphael defined the artistic era of the Renaissance. I will focus on two of his statues; The Pieta and David, and one of his paintings; The Last Judgment. Before discussing Michelangelo’s statues, I’d like to restate that he’d previously gained extensive knowledge of human anatomy by secretly dissecting cadavers, which aided his ability to create accurate portrayals of human physique while sculpting and painting [ (Hartt, 1989) ].Since this practice was illegal as well as being considered morally corrupt behavior, having done so put him at an advantage over many other artists [ (Hartt, 1989) ]. Work on the Pieta, a life-size statue made of marble was set into motion in between 1498 and 1499 and reached its fruition in 1500 [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. It was the French cardinal, Jean de Bilheres Lagraulas who commissioned the Pieta to be done so that it might enhance the appearance of the chapel in Saint Peters where he was intended to be buried [ (Kleiner, 2010) ].This statue, his first masterpiece was a representation of Mary holding Jesus after his crucifixion [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. Controversy surrounded this work of art regarding Mary’s appearance of being younger than Jesus [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. However the artist was able to portray Mary’s loveliness as well as her grief in an intensely vivid manner [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. The artist’s intent in portraying such youth in Mary was that he’d been attempting to use that feature as a method of defining Mary’s purity.As a result of the you thful and tranquil appearance portrayed in the Pieta, Michelangelo’s statue was unique in comparison to other artists portrayals of the same scene in which their Mary was much older and broken-hearted. Michelangelo created such detailed imagery that the Pieta quite visibly displayed a variety of textures including hair, fabric, and flesh [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. This particular piece of artistry in addition to David has been replicated by numerous other painters and sculptors.It’s been said that Michelangelo wasn’t initially in the habit of signing any of his pieces of artistry. However, upon hearing observers crediting other artists with his accomplishment he began doing so with the Pieta. The Pieta originally was destined to occupy Saint Peter’s Basilica in Vatican City, however it is now located in the church which took the place of Saint Peter’s [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. Michelangelo’s David wasn’t the first statue of the biblical hero, bu t it was the most impressive one which has ever been created thus far [ (Kleiner, 2010) ].David was a popular biblical theme about a young shepherd boy purportedly the underdog who volunteered to enter into battle with a much larger adversary [ (Lee, 2004) ]. In this story, David defeated his enemy with a slingshot, his skill, and his courage as the only weapons at hand, without even being protected with armor [ (Lee, 2004) ]. Upon his return to Florence in 1501, Michelangelo received a warm reception regardless of his previous association with the Medici family [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. He began sculpting David immediately and completed this work in 1504 [ (Kleiner, 2010) ].Donatello and Verrocchio both had previously created statues of David; however unlike Michelangelo, theirs were symbolic of the hero after his battle with Goliath [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. Michelangelo created his personification of David to represent the events prior to the battle with Goliath [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. He use d David’s anatomy to imbue strength, anticipation, and reserved energy [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. He even added the minute detail of engorged veins to emit a sense of the physical process of an adrenaline rush and the psyche which accompanies it [ (Kleiner, 2010) ].David’s facial expression was indicative of having already decided to do battle, but not yet having completed the task. Clearly it was Michelangelo’s intent to portray David in the very moment in which the slingshot was about to be raised [ (Nickerson, 2008) ]. Michelangelo’s David possesses a poignant connection with an imperceptible presence [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. It was unlike any other because of its overall size and slender physique, and to this day can be surpassed only by Michelangelo’s Pieta.Upon completion, this masterpiece further solidified Michelangelo’s reputation as a master sculptor and artist in all of Italy [ (Nickerson, 2008) ]. David is now located in Florence, and stan ds at an impressive fourteen feet high [ (Hartt, 1989) ]. Michelangelo’s knowledge of anatomy, balance, and proportion are prevalent, along with an aura of superhuman magnificence [ (Hartt, 1989) ]. David is but one example of Michelangelo’s personality which exemplified divine humanity [ (Hartt, 1989) ]. Divine humanity represented developing values in the Renaissance era [ (Hartt, 1989) ].The Renaissance began a movement away from centuries of control over human affairs on the part of the church and a restoration of humanistic values of the contemporary world [ (Hartt, 1989) ]. It was firmly held by Michelangelo that the human body was the living embodiment of God’s divine power [ (Hartt, 1989) ]. He successfully articulated man in its ultimately heroic status in creating his David sculpture [ (Lee, 2004) ]. The spiritual closeness Michelangelo held to was in direct contrast with the scientific approach of Leonardo [ (Hartt, 1989) ].Michelangelo began painting The Last Judgment in 1536 and completed it in 1541 [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. In the midst of his work, the counter-reformation was in full force [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. An important issue affecting the world of art was the difference in religious beliefs between the Catholics and the Protestants [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. The Catholics valued artwork for its power to manipulate the people toward piety [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. Protestants, on the other hand found artwork to promote idolatry and distraction [ (Kleiner, 2010) ].To alleviate controversy regarding this issue, the Catholic Church reached an agreement that images should be visually and theologically unambiguous [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. The uproar of the counter-reformation was instrumental in Michelangelo’s decision to paint the altarpiece of the Sistine Chapel, The Last Judgment as a way of depicting the controversial times. The central figure of the altarpiece was the Lord, and all around the Christ figure were nudes. God was the unyi elding authority over his human subjects, and physically gestured his intent to utterly annihilate humanity [ (Kleiner, 2010) ].It’s quite clear that the Lord had complete control over the destiny of all of the spirits around him. The Heavenly hosts emanated their unease, while angels trumpeted, and the Lord discerned between the just who ascended to Heaven and the damned who were thrown into the pits of Hell [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. Michelangelo further purveyed horror by including rising dead figures and demons provoking great suffering and agony upon the damned souls [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. Other known figures which complement this masterpiece were Saint Bartholomew and who was either the good thief or St. Andrew [ (Kleiner, 2010) ].The works of da Vinci and Buonarroti significantly influenced the world of art in the 16th century in Italy and Europe in numerous ways. The two artists shared many similarities in talent and scope of knowledge; however it was their individual uniquen ess that magnified their works to the status of masterpieces in their lifetimes and beyond. In 1476, Leonardo was permitted to paint an angel in Verrocchio’s Baptism of Christ, in which he impressed his master with his superb display of talent [ (Jacobs, 1968) ]. By that point in time, he’d already been elected to be a painter into the painter’s guild [ (Jacobs, 1968) ].Other contemporaries alongside Leonardo under Verrocchio’s tutelage included such notable artists as Perugino and Lorenzo di Credi [ (Johnson, 2000) ]. By the year 1481, Leonardo’s talent was known all over Italy, and he was commissioned by the Saint Donato monastery to paint their altarpiece which is now known as The Adoration of the Kings [ (Jacobs, 1968) ]. However as was Leonardo’s tendency, he neglected to complete the altarpiece and sought employment with Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan [ (Jacobs, 1968) ]. His first work for the Duke was to create a statue of Ludovicoâ⠂¬â„¢s father.Approximately in 1496, Leonardo began planning and painting his famous Last Supper located in the Santa Maria delle Grazie, which took about two years to complete [ (Jacobs, 1968) ]. Around the year 1500, he created the painting known as The Battle of Anghiari, and soon after embarked on his most famous work, Mona Lisa [ (Jacobs, 1968) ]. Francois I was among the first patrons to passionately support the coming of the Renaissance to France and commissioned Leonardo to work around the year 1516 along with other prominent figures such as Rosso Fiorentino [ (Johnson, 2000) ].Following this event, he then created two more paintings for the French viceroy in Milan, The Virgin of the Rocks, and Saint Anne with the Virgin and the Infant Christ that ended up being his last masterpieces [ (Jacobs, 1968) ]. Almost two centuries later, another artist known as Diego Velazquez would use similar painting techniques to Leonardo in which he wasn’t as concerned with every minute detail of a subjects being so much as capturing their characteristic impressions [ (Gombrich, 1995) ].Leonardo was also the mastermind of a device known as sfumato which was used by many other artists who followed him even centuries later in order to overcome the problem of naturalism and perspective creating a rigid and wooden appearance on the subjects of the paintings [ (Gombrich, 1995) ]. Unfortunately, another problem arose which this technique could not accommodate. The shadows used by Leonardo didn’t naturally occur in the light of day, therefore Impressionist artists had to resort to blurring some aspects of their painting to prevail over the dilemma [ (Gombrich, 1995) ].Michelangelo learned the fresco technique from his original instructor, Ghirlandaio [ (Jacobs, 1968) ]. Later on, he was sent to the Medici Garden where he learned from Bertoldo di Giovanni [ (Jacobs, 1968) ]. While in the presence of the Medici family, Lorenzo de Medici encouraged Michelangelo to in volve himself in conversations with many of the most renowned men of the time [ (Jacobs, 1968) ]. He achieved recognition for his talent in approximately 1492 when he constructed his first masterpiece The Battle of the Centaurs, which was a marble relief [ (Johnson, 2000) ].This statue remains unfinished as are many of Michelangelo’s works of art. By 1499, Michelangelo succeeded in creating a superb statue known as Pieta, which was completed in 1499 and caused him to gain world-wide recognition [ (Jacobs, 1968) ]. In the next few years, he occupied his time by creating a statue of David, in the Accademia, Florence [ (Jacobs, 1968) ] [ (Johnson, 2000) ]. Michelangelo’s depiction of David dwarfed those of Donatello and Verrocchio in ability, and talent. His next project, the tomb of Pope Julius II was to be the longest lasting one of his life, taking a full forty years to complete [ (Jacobs, 1968) ].One statue included in this great endeavor is Moses, arguably the most e xcellent work exhibited by this particular sculptor [ (Johnson, 2000) ]. The tomb also includes The Atlas Slave (incomplete), The Dying Slave, and a statue of Lorenzo de Medici, along with two supporting nudes below [ (Johnson, 2000) ]. In the midst of his work on the tomb of Pope Julius II, he worked on the Sistine Chapel ceiling from May 10, 1508 until October 31, 1512, this also being done for Julius II [ (Rebman, 2000) ]. This particular masterpiece is to this day incomparable to any other work of art [ (Rebman, 2000) ].Pope Julius II chose to employ Michelangelo for this task because his reputation throughout Italy and Europe was that of an outstanding sculptor who had an exceptional talent for using physical forms to express his own feelings and emotions [ (Rebman, 2000) ]. The ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in its entirety contains nine major panels; God Separating Light from Darkness, The Creation of the Sun, Moon, and Stars, The Separation of Land from Water, The Creation of Adam, The Creation of Eve, The Temptation and Fall of Adam, The Sacrifice of Noah, The Flood, and the Drunkenness of Noah [ (Rebman, 2000) ].Twenty four years later, Michelangelo was commissioned by Pope Paul III to paint a mural above the altar of the Sistine Chapel which was to be a companion piece to the ceiling; The Last Judgment [ (Jacobs, 1968) ]. This altarpiece took him six years to complete beginning in the summer of 1536 and reaching its completion on October 31, 1541 [ (Rebman, 2000) ]. According to records, Michelangelo employed a single assistant for this project; Urbino, a talented artist who showed a significant ability with the foreshortening technique [ (Rebman, 2000) ].Numerous authorities on the matter believe Michelangelo’s source of inspiration for The Last Judgment was derived from a poem, The Divine Comedy written by Dante who mentioned a Charon and Minossis both of whom are included in the painting [ (Rebman, 2000) ]. Much praise and criticism was hea rd for this painting, ranging from amazement and wonder to abhorrence for the scandalous nudity [ (Rebman, 2000) ]. Biago da Cesena was one of the first among many who offered scathing disapproval of the nudity of the figures [ (Rebman, 2000) ].As a result, Michelangelo painted the face of Biago on the figure of Satan and a serpent slithering about the body while biting the groin area of Satan [ (Rebman, 2000) ]. Despite Biago’s complaints to the Pope, the painting remained as it was [ (Rebman, 2000) ]. Unfortunately, due to so much criticism over the nudity of the painting, modifications were later made by Daniele da Volterra, who was hired by the church officials to paint clothing on the genitals of the nude figures [ (Rebman, 2000) ]. However, another artist, Martino Rota made an engraved replica of the original Last Judgment prior to the alterations [ (Rebman, 2000) ].Similar to the habits of Leonardo, Michelangelo frequently abandoned his paintings before completing them , and the only known finished easel painting is The Holy Family [ (Jacobs, 1968) ]. Michelangelo’s reputation was far superior to those of his contemporaries in sculpture, even including the next generation [ (Johnson, 2000) ]. Many new and upcoming artists studied Michelangelo’s methods with great intensity, and strived to imitate his level of distinction by painting nudes in their own works of art as he had done [ (Gombrich, 1995) ].These artists seemed to have overindulged themselves in this practice, and such behavior took away from the meaning of the paintings rather than adding to it [ (Gombrich, 1995) ]. This fashion became known as Mannerism. In closing, I’ve mentioned a few similarities common between both Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simone. In addition, I gave a summary of each artists lives, compared a few of their art pieces, and finished off with a discussion on how each artist made their own personal influence on the w orld of art in Italy and Europe during the 16th century with supporting examples.References Bambach, C. (2002, October). Anatomy in the Renaissance. Retrieved from Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: http://www. metmuseum. org/toah/hd/anat/hd_anat. htm Classics, D. (2012). Masters of Art: Leonardo da Vinci. Delphi Classics. Gombrich, E. H. (1995). The Story of Art. Hong Kong: Phaidon Press Limited. Hartt, F. (1989). Art: A History of Painting, Sculpture, Architecture 3rd edition. New York: Harry N. Abrams. Helicon, P. (2005). The Hutchinson Encyclopedia of the Renaissance. Abingdon , Oxfordshire, GBR: Helicon Publishing. Retrieved Nov 4, 2012, from http://site. brary. com/lib/ashford/docDetail. action Jacobs, D. (1968). Master Painters of the Renaissance. New York: The Viking Press, Inc. Johnson, P. (2000). The Renaissance: A Short History. New York: Random House Inc. Kleiner, F. S. (2010). Gardner's Art Through the Ages: The Western Perspective. United States: Clark Baxter. Lee, S. (2004, Sep 2). Turning 500: The Meaning of Michelangelo's ‘David': Final Edition. Retrieved from Proquest: http://search. proquest. com/docview/357580072? accountid=32521 Nickerson, A. (2008). Journey into Michelangelo's Rome.Birkley, California, United States: Roaring Forties Press. Retrieved Nov 4, 2012, from http://site. ebrary. com/lib/ashford/docDetail. action? docID=10289907;p00=paintings%20michelangelo Rebman, R. C. (2000). The Sistine Chapel. San Diego, California: Lucent Books, Inc. Rolland, R. (1921). Michelangelo. New York: Duffield and Company. Vasari, G. (2006, Feb). Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects. Retrieved from ebrary. com: http://site. ebrary. com/lib/ashford/docDetail. action? docID=10124952;p00=lives%20excellent%20painters%2C%20sculptors%2C%20architects

Civil Engineering - Experinece Record Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

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Zetioun, the Man Who Quit Money and the Hero With a Thousand Faces Essay

Zetioun, the Man Who Quit Money and the Hero With a Thousand Faces - Essay Example th three main stages: the hero’s departure from the common world (his/her community), the hero’s initiation into the new or strange world and finally the hero’s return to the normal and former lands where they use the skills built up while in the foreign world to help their communities. â€Å"A hero ventures forth from the world of common day into a region of supernatural wonder: fabulous forces are there encountered and a decisive victory is won: the hero comes back from this mysterious adventure with the power to bestow boons on his fellow man (Campbell 15).† A close examination of the two books â€Å"Zietoun† by Eggers and â€Å"The man who quit money† by Sundeen clearly fit in the category of mythical stories described here as they reveal the controversial lives of the two main characters Zeitoun and Suelo away from their homes where they battle life out to make ends meet. Zeitoun is said to have come from Syria to live in America where he meets his wife Cathy Zeitoun, a Christian- Muslim convert and with whom they later bear children. Suelo on the other hand abandons his home in America where he worked as a cook, traverses the deserts of Utah and resides within the caves in the desert far from his fellow bipeds, a decision which later on sterns his long term friend. â€Å"In the twenty first year of the twenty first century, a man standing by the highway in the middle of America pulled from his pocket his life savings- thirty dollars- lay it in a phone booth and walked away (Sundeen 1).† The beginning of Suelo and Zeitoun’s stories, narrating how they left their original homelands, went and lived in foreign spheres conforms to Campbell’s mythical format at the first stage where the hero leaves his home and settles in a foreign land on a call to adventure. According to Campbell, the hero often experience several trials while in the strange world as part of initiation into the new world, which they must always overcome. These challenges define the

Case Study - Small Business Management Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

- Small Business Management - Case Study Example Within three years (1997-2000), profits increased by 350%. OBO is Simon's third business venture and he has learnt considerably from each undertaking. Simon invests heavily on research and development which fuels his desire to improve his existing products and to develop new ones. He has also kept up with the changing technology and offers a website that encourages customer focus groups, gives playing tips, product information and also sells the product online. Simon believes that consumer market research is essential in product development. At present, OBO has a very strong distribution network and a formidable brand value. OBO is a strong company and has a far sighted CEO Simon Barnett, who has over a 20 year experience, ranging from manufacturing table tennis table to selling and distributing hockey equipment for Ishan. Eventually however, he also went into production and specialized in making protective hockey equipment for goalies. Simon is an ambitious individual, a visionary leader who believes in managing by setting his own examples. He is a creative person who invests heavily on product research. Simon is of the opinion that it is important to bring changes in the product so that it seems fashionable as well as useful to the customer. His sound distribution networks and brand value has made OBO the market leader in its industry. Simon holds a strong relationship with his agents and also with his customers. He encourages his customers to express their opinions and ensures that new products are made keeping in mind the customers' changing needs. Moreover, OBO gives a lot of attention to product quality which is their key competitive advantage. Although OBO operates in a niche market, it is still a big name. It is doing well in the market and had a profit of $450,000 in the year 2000. However, if OBO decides to step into a new market of making cricket equipment it will be big change for the company. This 'big change' brings with it a lot of risk. Simon's financing policy has always been to avoid bank loans. He prefers to reinvest his retained earnings. For a venture as huge as cricketing equipment, heavy investment will be needed and with Simon's current policy this can be a huge gamble. OBO has limited staff and a new venture would certainly mean expanding the personnel base. Apart from this, Simon depends very strongly on 2 key personnel. Simon acts as a facilitator and the manufacturing and designing sides are looked after by two men. Such excessive reliance can be dangerous as even if one of them quits, Simon can be in big trouble. Although Simon has ample experience in business, a cricket venture will still be a new area. The requirements of cricketing equipment will be very different from hockey as the two games vary greatly in the way they are played. External Environment In terms of opportunities, there are many. OBO operates in a niche market and in comparison cricket will offer a bigger market. For hockey a team would at a maximum need 2-3 pairs of protective pads, but for cricket, all the batsmen will need pads along with the wicket keeper. If OBO is able to manufacture pads that are lighter and allow players more speed and agility then there will certainly be a lot of scope of the product. Also cricket is a game that is more popular all over the world and is played by many countries at a national level. With time, OBO can also expand towards

QuickBooks Online Payroll, Invoicing, and Payments Essay

QuickBooks Online Payroll, Invoicing, and Payments - Essay Example functions which include dealing with the purchasing orders, receiving inventory and subsequently making entering bills and making payments with regard to the purchased goods. It also deals with the accounts payable and ensures the appropriate payments are made to the creditors when they become due (Buteh, 2014). Customers belong to the next functionality and it comes after the vendors. This mainly deals with the accounts receivables and all the transactions related to the customers are recorded in this section. The functionality deals with the invoicing role and therefore all the transactions made with respect to the accounts receivable are recorded here. It also has an option that records the receipts from the debtors as well as those from the cash sales. It also records all the receipts that are associated with the sales made by the business. The employees functionality fall under the payroll function. A list of employees is made in this area and the relevant details in relation to all the employees are made. The details relating to their pay is also recorded as well as other benefits that accrue to them. All the employees who receive their pay in form of pay check should be categorized as employees. Another functionality of QuickBooks is the company. The main function of the company is t he chart of accounts and these are required every month when the company closes its books. Items and services are required in this area and are also important in the customers functionality since they allow the creation of bills. The chart of accounts helps to trace all the transactions to their relevant accounts and ensures that the final books of accounts are prepared with accuracy (Gilbert, 2005). There is also the banking functionality that is used to write checks, confirm the check register to track the transactions relating to the bank account and to print checks for clearance of the outstanding bills. It also ensures that the accountant is able to make the relevant

The transition from a centrally planned economy to a free market or a Essay - 1

The transition from a centrally planned economy to a free market or a mixed economy (Russia and China) - Essay Example However, where there is existence of monopolist in a capitalistic market there would be a single producer who would not meet the market demand and would charge an exorbitant price to the buyers. This happen because the monopolist would be the sole owner of the means of production in that market (Samuelson and ‎ Nordhaus 29-47). Therefore in circumstances of monopolisation there is an ardent need for the intervention of the government of the country and to put a price ceiling so that the monopolist’s power is under check. On the other hand in case of a centrally planned economy there is a monopolisation of the power of the government. Hence the prices and the allocation of the resources are determined entirely by the government of the country. Thus the decision regarding the price and quantity controls would be taken by the government of the country.A part of the Soviet Union the economy of Russia was a centrally planned economy. The enterprises in the country were comple tely under the control of the government. This set up was existent in the country from 1982 to 1991. Due to the command framework in the country there was stagnation in the growth and development in the economy. Therefore after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, there was a need felt for the transition of the economy to an economy which is market based (Snooks 12-19). There were several aspects of this transition.

Implementation Apple Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Implementation Apple Organization - Essay Example Target market sales - Various measurements of sales including revenue generated, units sold, or profit can be used in determining sales. This measurement compares the actual sales of iPhone in the Asia Pacific regions with the projections in the marketing plan to determine consistencies and needs for change (Mackay & Wilmshurst, 2011). To finalize the lease contract and locations of 90 stores in the first quarter of financial year 2015, there will be need to renegotiate the plans, to recruit additional staff, to review the general plan, and to submit a report of the plan required plan of action that would facilitate operationalizing of the stores in the first month of the second quarter. Failure of finalizing the team and their responsibilities by the end of the second quarter of 2015 financial year. Review the team building plan and allow the Director of R&D and the HR Director to review the issue and provide a final team based on priority. Given the new product development facility is not operational by the end of the fourth quarter of 2015 financial year, review the unmet requirements, review the project plan, and appoint a different project manager if required. Apple has established a collaborative organizational structure that allows the different divisions to come together in view of making important decisions within the organization, thus increasing the performance of the organization (Horrigan, 2012). Establishment of a team aimed at facilitating the development of the new product, procuring new machinery and instruments, and establishment of a new development facility in the view of promoting product development. Innovation – innovation allows for the development of a connection with the consumers and thus managing different problems and risks related to threats for substitution and new entries (Franke, Keinz, & Steger,

Precise Molded Products, Inc Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Precise Molded Products, Inc - Case Study Example This implies that, the staff might be concerned more with the technical part of production at the expense of the other parts such as the wrapping part that records the highest number of rejects. A critical analysis of both wrap and short suggests that wrapping does not require much expertise to do it, whereas measurement may require one to have knowledge of what they are doing. Sower (2003) asserts that the biggest cost of quality results from carelessness of the workers. Employees may become careless due to fatigue, lack of motivation as well as poor working conditions. It has been noted that, workers who are highly motivated when doing their work, make less mistakes (Sower, 2003). Moreover, if employees are overworked the probability of making many mistakes is very common. Consequently, managers should always ensure that all their employees are well kept in order to avoid small mistakes. By so doing the cost of quality will greatly be reduced. Mistakes that cause rejects cannot be avoided but can only be reduced because man is to error (Sower, 2003). Mistakes like discoloring and stains are caused as a result of simple human errors. Products may be handed by employees in a way that they are not supposed to be handled causing damage. Appearance of a product plays a very big role in the rejection of the product since a customer will dislike anything that is not appealing to the eye. Thus managers should ensure that products are presented in a way that is appealing to the customer. In addition, customer satisfaction also encompasses good delivery services, production of a variety of products and the product taste should be to the preference of a customer (Sower, 2003). The quality manager specifically complains of a rise and fall of rejects depending on the days. Sower (2003) explains that this is a clear reflection that the firm is experiencing accuracy as well as effectiveness problems. This can only be

Critical Reasoning and Information Analysis Essay

Critical Reasoning and Information Analysis - Essay Example The more we learn about neuroscience, the more we understand that information literacy is a fundamental aspect of the human brain (Kandel & Squire 2000), and that humans are simply more naturally adapted to understanding certain things (like personal experience) than others (like numerical data). This sheds light on why we understand the world in the way we do. Like neuroscience, information technology is a growing field that is having a growing impact on the world. Firstly, it, for the first time, gives humans a different kind of intelligence to compare ours to: we can understand ourselves by seeing how different or similar computers are when serving different functions (Schellhammer 2008). Furthermore, information technologies like the internet are giving humans a broader understanding of our identity as going past small scale, tribal allegiances, because they allow for much more communication over large ranges. This communication is incredibly important, because social understandings play an important role in critical thinking. There are many cases where one’s social or cultural atmosphere have drastic impacts on the way they understand the world. Firstly, we pay a great deal more attention to those things that happen in proximity to us: which includes both personal actions, and friends. That means that problems that are common in one’s social group, for instance, will appear disproportionately larger than a more important problem that happens to people that are unrelated to you. This bias can cloud critical thinking, and must be avoided. The problem is, however, that other ways of understanding the world (such as universal laws of logic) do not function much better. This is because we are hard-wired to pay less attention to logic than emotions, as emotions played a more important role in our evolutionary history. So while universal logic might seem important at understanding things in a globalized society, it can often be ignored.

Message to Garcia Essay Example for Free

Message to Garcia Essay In the short writing, Message to Garcia, the author Elbert Hubbard writes of a man named Rowen, who is tasked with delivering a letter to the leader of the Cuban resistance forces, General Garcia. But the story is not about his trials, or his mishaps. Its not about his journey nor his thoughts about the situation at all. The story actually mentions Rowan only a few times throughout. The author instead focuses on the qualities of Rowan, not on what he says, but, rather on what he didnt. The narrator of the story, who is never actually named but whom can be assumed to be in close conjunction with those who were tasked with reaching Garcia, speaking of Rowans undeniable loyalty to the cause. The situation was seemingly impossible. Trying to reach Garcia who was actively trying to stay hid to deliver a message asking for his cooperation. With no questions asked Rowan sats out on his three week journey to deliver the message. The connection between Rowans silence on the details of the mission, and his loyalty to the task and the ones giving it to him are explained further in the story. In fact later on, it becomes less of a story and more of a guidance manual to the readers. It explains that how many times nowadays, or perhaps most times, success is gained through back ended means. People in general sense do not possess the mindset to focus on a task, nor have the willingness to gain that mindset. When told to accomplish a task, they wither go do it halfheartedly is at all, or simply shift it to the side, or the gutter as the author put it. The main connection that the author made was that Rowan did not ask where General Garcia was. Not because he already knew, but that he knew enough about the situation that he had already made the determination that he was tasked with the mission because nobody else knew either. To put it simple, it did not matter whether he asked or not. His success of the mission relied purely on his skills and accomplishing the task. Asking questions like who  and how ere of little consequence. He had to do it and he would do it. As I said before, the author was not concerned with the journey, but his willingness and loyalty to mission accomplishment to begin the impossible journey at all. The author also goes into details about another man, to describe the polar opposite of Rowan. He describes the man as impervious to reason, unable to take orders, nor give them. Basically describing a large portion of todays society. The people with a society of people such as that is that progress is halted, not because the means arent there, but that there is not initiative to find the means and put them into effect to get things done. To a logical thinking person, the conclusion is this, that Rowans qualities of dedication to the mission, and his comrades that would more the likely be benefited by his actions, even if he could not immediately see it, are qualities that we should all strive to possess. To better ourselves and those around us is a mission in itself, one that we should all be loyal too, not just for us, but for everyone, For is everyone shared this sentiment, perhaps the need to send a letter to General Garcia would not have existed at all. The need for us to observe situations, or missions, if you will, from a third person point of view, rather than looking just at how they will benefit us, or take us out of our comfort zones, becomes more necessary as we receive more responsibility to get the mission accomplished.

The Sewerage System In Malaysia Construction Essay

The Sewerage System In Malaysia Construction Essay Sewerage systems are one of the most important infrastructures in construction of residential, industrial or commercial project as it determines the quality of life enjoyed by a community. It consists of a network of underground sewer pipes, pump stations, sewage treatment plants and sludge treatment facilities. This system usually operates based on by gravity due to the slope of the pipe which reduces the high cost required for pumping. Sewers are further classified into a few categories, which depend on the type of wastewater that each of it carries. For example, storm sewers are designed to carry stormwater from roofs, paved areas, pavements and roads; industrial sewers are designed to carry wastewater generate from the industry; sanitary sewers are designed to carry the waste water from cooking and washing and the wastes from toilets. There is another type of sewer which is known as combined sewers. These types of sewers are designed to carry stormwater, industrial wastes, and domestic sewage. In Malaysia, many towns and cities use the separate sewer system. The wastewater is transported in separate pipes from storm sewers, industrial sewers and sanitary sewers. This system will not experience CSOs (Combine Sewer Overflows) which usually happen to combined sewer. The flooding will cause by stormwater only. Sewerage system is very important as it helps people to transport the wastes or sewage away from their places. Therefore, the system must be functioning well because improper functioning system will lead to pollution and contamination of various aspects of our surrounding which affect human life and health. Hence, regular maintenance must be done to the existing sewerage system and appropriate design must be applied to the new sewerage systems to ensure the sewerage systems are in good condition. The efficiency of the sewerage system is affected by the flow of the wastewater. In designing a sewerage system, the type and size of the pipe to be used must be able to accommodate the peak flow. The peak flow is based on the population equivalent which is a direct measurement of the population in an area. When designing the sewerage, there is a standard and criteria that should be followed. The standard code of practice for sewerage design in Malaysia (MS 1228:1991) was adopted from British Standard; BS 8005:1987. However, British Standard may not be as applicable to Malaysia due to the season and climate factor which have direct effect on the peak flow. This is the main reason of doing this research to find out whether the standard is suitable to be used in Malaysia. Problem Statement Any sewerage system will be designed to carry a certain amount of sewage based on the population equivalent (PE). In sewerage design, the per capita flow and the peak flow rate (Qpeak) are important parameters. Based on British Standard, the per capita flow is 225L/day/person and the peak flow factor, K is 4.7. However, a previous study indicated lower per capita flow and peak flow factor in the sewerage system in Malaysia although no conclusive results were obtained (Dayalan, 2007). A lower peak flow factor will result in smaller pipes which will incur lower cost. Therefore, further research is needed to study the suitability of current design criteria for sewerage system located in tropical climates. 1.3Research Objectives The objectives of the study are: To obtain flow data from pre-determined sewer tributary area. To evaluate the parameter in the peak flow factor equation for medium scale sewerage catchment system. To determine the relationship between population of an area to the peak flow of sewerage system. 1.4 Scope of Research To collect relevant information of sewerage design from selected literatures. To find out relevant formula provided in selected codes for sewerage design. To study the peak flow factor in sewer line that serve the PE value of 1000-10000. To measure flow characteristics by using flow meter with build-in sensor in manholes at Tropicana Indah. To compare the results obtained with the formula in the standard code. To make recommendation on the feasibility of the code formula to tropical climate. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Sewerage System in Malaysia The sewerage system is designed to collect wastewater or foul sewage generated from residential, industrial and commercial areas through sewer pipes and discharges it to the treatment plants or facilities to ensure the sewage is released to the natural water bodies in an appropriate condition and quality (Geoffrey, 2004). In Malaysia, sewerage systems range from simple toilet with little or no treatment provided to modern sewage treatment plants that treat the sewage to the desired quality accordance to environment standard. There are two main types of sewerage system in Malaysia. A premise sewerage system is either connected to a public sewage treatment plant or an individual septic tank. Indah Water Konsortium (IWK) is responsible to provide service and maintenance to public sewage treatment plants and all the underground pipes and also provide desludging services to individual septic tanks (Abd Aziz, 2006). IWK decided to divide the underground pipe into two sections, public pipe and private pipe (Figure 2.1) to make sure that all underground pipes operate without any problem. Public pipe is under the responsibility of IWK and the private pipe is under individual responsibility. An individual have to pay for the IWK services when the private pipe need for servicing. (Abd Aziz, 2006). http://www.usj23.com/planet_free/sewage_system/Sewage%20System.jpg Figure 2.1 Flow of wastewater from private pipe to public pipe (USJ 23 Residence 2.2 Transportation of Wastewater Wastewater is usually transported through sewer pipes that are connected to the sewer mains by clay, cast-iron, or polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes that range from 80-100mm diameter. The large sewer mains can be located about 1.8m deep or more than that along the centerline of a street or pathway. The small and large sewer pipes are made by different material, in which the smaller sewer pipes are made of clay, concrete, or asbestos cement, and the large sewer pipes are made of reinforced concrete construction. The flow of wastewater is different from water-supply system. The water supply is transported to each house by the application of pressure. However, the wastewater from each house is flows through sewer pipes by gravity. Therefore, the sewer pipe must laid on slope surface to allow the wastewater to flow at a velocity of at least 0.8m/s and not more than 4m/s. (MS1228:1991). If the wastewater flows at velocity lower than 0.8m/s, the solid material tends to settle in the pipe whic h will lead to blockage. Storm-water mains have similar structure as sanitary sewers but they have a much larger diameter than sanitary sewers. In certain places, the urban sewer mains are connected to interceptor sewers, which can then join to form a trunk line. The trunk line will then discharge the wastewater into the wastewater-treatment plant. This transportation process is shown in Figure 2.2. As the interceptors and trunk lines will carry the wastewater discharge from sewer main, they are usually made of brick or reinforced concrete which can carry more load than the other pipe. Sometimes, they are large enough for a truck to pass through them. (Norhan Abd Rahman et.al, 2007) http://techalive.mtu.edu/meec/module21/images/CombinedSewer.jpg Figure 2.2 Transportation of Wastewater (Michigan Environmental Education Curriculum, Wastewater Treatment) 2.3 Concept Theory In designing a sewerage pipe network, the pump stations and sewage treatment plants are required to carry and pump volumetric flow rate. The flow rates are usually measured in cubic meter per second (m3/s) and need to be calculated for both existing land use and for expected future development. There are two parameters that are used to calculate expected flow rates. One of the parameters is per capita flow. This per capita flow of 225L/person/day is an average daily flow, which means a person will produce 225 liters of sewage in a day. Another design parameter named population equivalent (PE) of a catchment can also be used to calculate the flow rate. PE is not a measure of population. However, it is used to measure the estimated number of people that use the sewage facilities. In residential areas, the PE is a direct measurement of the population in an area which is calculated as five per dwelling. The PE has a different method of measurement in commercial area. It is calculated fro m the floor area and this PE value is considered to be proportional to the number of people using a premise during the day which does not reflect the population living in an area. 2.4 Quantity for Wastewater 2.4.1 Tributary Area Tributary area is an area from where the wastewater is being transported to a particular sewer section. The types of activities in that area determine the quantity of wastewater being collected by a particular section. A survey has to be done when there is no information available on existing areas in order to determine the number and classification of persons and the types of industries. (Guyer, 2010) Table 2.1 shows the method of calculating the PE. Table 2.1 Equivalent Population, PE (MS1228:1991) No. Type of Premises/Establishment Population Equivalent (recommended) 1 Residential 5 per unit 2 Commercial: (include entertainment/recreational centres, restaurants, cafeteria, theatres) 3 per 100m gross area 3 School/Educational Institutions: Day schools/institutions 0.2 per student Full residential 1 per student Partial residential 0.2 per student for non-residential student and 1 per student for residential student 4 Hospitals 4 per bed 5 Hotels (with dining and laundry facilities) 4 per room 6 Factories (excluding process wastes) 0.3 per staff 7 Market (Wet Type) 3 per stall 8 Petrol kiosks/Service stations 18 per service bay 9 Bus terminal 4 per bus bay 2.4.2 Sanitary/Domestic Wastes 2.4.2.1 Contributing Population In designing the flow, the population to be used depends on the location of the sewer. The design population in a residential area is based on the number of houses served. However, the design population for an industrial area is the maximum number of staff ever employed. The design population for sewers that serve both residential and industrial areas include residents and non-residents. Designing of these sewers denote that no person should be counted more than once. Allowances should be made for future population changes caused by master planning projections and facility personnel requirements. (Guyer, 2010) 2.4.2.2 Average Daily Flow The average daily flow is counted by multiplying the population equivalent from resident and non-resident with the appropriate per capita flow and adding the two flows generated from both resident and non-resident. The average daily flow shows the total volume of waste generated over a 24-hour period. It cannot be used for wastes that were generated over shorter periods of 8, 10, 12 hours, etc. Therefore, it can only be used for designing sewers that generate wastewater over a 24-hour period (e.g. residential area). In Malaysia, the average daily flow for residential area is usually taken as 225L/person/day. In industrial areas, the average daily flow is taken as 115L/person/day as non-resident personnel and employees is working for 8-hour shifts. These quantities are usually used in designing wastewater treatment facilities. However, they are also used for sizing interceptors, trunk sewers and pumping stations serving large portions of the installation. (Guyer, 2010) 2.4.2.3 Average Hourly Flow Rate Average hourly flow rate is used for designing sewers that serve small areas of the installation (e.g. industrial area), where most of the wastewater is generated by non-residents or other short term occupants. The average hourly flow rate is counted based on the actual period of waste generation. For example, 1000 non-residents with an average daily flow of 115L/person/day would generate 115,000 liters in 8 hours which is equivalent to an average hourly flow rate of 14,375 L/h or 345,000 L/d. However, the average daily flow would still be 115,000 L/d. Therefore, the sewer must be designed hydraulically to carry 115,000 liters of waste in 8 hours instead of 24 hours (Guyer, 2010). If the sewer is designed to carry a waste of 115,000 liters in 24 hours, then the sewer pipe will not be able to transport the wastes as the actual volume of wastes generated is more than the design waste. This will lead to the blockage of sewer pipes and overflow in the toilet. 2.5 Design Wastewater Flow The design flow of wastewater must be determined for any section of a proposed sewer. The design flow is not only based on sanitary sewage; industrial flows, inflow and infiltration must also be taken into account. The following shows the equation to determine the peak flow factor and the factor to be considered in sewerage design. 2.5.1 Design Equations The peak flow required to design sewers, pumping station and treatment facilities are calculated by the following equation: Peak flow factor = 4.7 x p-0.11 p Estimated equivalent population, in thousand. The sewers are designed based on peak flow to ensure that the sewer pipes would be able to accommodate the wastewater generated at any time. 2.5.2 Factors Affecting Sewer Design In designing sewers, there are a few factors as stated in MS1228:1991 that must be taken into consideration: Economy in the design The sewers should be kept as short as possible and avoid unproductive lengths. Shallow rider sewers can be laid under highways having expensive foundations and surfaces to receive the local house connection, and to connect the riders at convenient points into the main sewers. Location of sewers The sewers should be placed within streets or right-of-way to ease the maintenance work. If topography dictates, the sewer is to be located within private properties, and provide adequate access for maintenance purposes. Location or the position of other existing or proposed service lines, building foundation, etc for maintenance purposes. A minimum at 3 m horizontal and 1m vertical separation from the water main should be provided to avoid the sewage from entering the water main. The impact of sewer construction and subsequent maintenance activities towards road users. Hydraulic Design The sewers should be laid at such gradients to produce adequate velocities to convey the solid matter. The gradient should produce a minimum velocity of not less than 0.8 m/s and a maximum velocity of not more than 4.0 m/s to avoid scouring of sewer by erosion action of suspended solid. Structural Design The depth of sewers must be adequate to accommodate the sewage from existing and future properties. The minimum depth should be 1.2 m. The minimum size of the sewer should be 200 mm in diameter in order to convey raw sewage. Straight alignment and uniform gradient between consecutive manholes should be laid for sewers of 600 mm or less in internal diameter while curves can be laid for sewers of larger than 600 mm internal diameter. Flexible type and watertight joints should be provided between sewers, sewer manhole or other appurtenance structure to avoid infiltration and breakage due to differential settlement. The foundation should be able to maintain the pipe in proper alignment and carry the weight of soil above the sewer and any other superimposed load. Service Connection The diameter of the connection must be adequate enough to prevent blockage problems. The sewer must have a minimum gradient of 2%. The minimum size of the connection should be 150 mm. Tee junction should be used to connect service connection to the main sewer. 2.5.2.1 Gravity Sewer Design Sewers are designed to convey the wastewater flows as required. Generally, it is not recommended to design the sewers for full flow, even at peak rates as the chances for problem arising are high. The flows that cover above 90% to 95% of full depths are considered unstable which may lead to sudden loss of carrying capacity with surcharging at manholes as shown in Figure 2.2 (Guyer, 2010). Surcharging means that the pipe that is designed to flow full or partly full, is now transporting the flow under pressure. When the flow exceeds the design capacity, there will be surcharge in the manholes (David and John, 2011). Besides that, large trunk and interceptor sewers laid on flat slopes experience less fluctuation in flow. If it is designed to flow full, the sewers may lack sufficient air space above the liquid for proper ventilation. Ventilation in sewer is important in preventing the buildup of explosive, corrosive or odorous gases, and for reducing the formation of hydrogen sulfide. Th us, the depth of design flow for trunk and interceptor sewers should not exceed 90% of full depth; laterals and main sewers, 80%; and building connections, 70%. Regardless of flow and depth, the minimum sizes of sewer pipes to be used are 150 mm for service connections and 200 mm for all other sewer types. The sewer pipes for service connections are usually smaller than 150 mm as they only convey liquids with little or no solids (e.g. condensate lines). A condensate line of more than 100 mm is recommended for most situations. Same design criteria as sanitary sewers can be applied to industrial application except pipe material that is resistant to the waste are to be specified. (Guyer, 2010) Figure 2.2 (a) Part-full pipe flow without surcharge (b) Pipe flow with surcharge (David and John, 2011) 2.6 Pipe Materials for Gravity Sewer There are many types of material which can be used for sewerage construction. However, the type of materials that we choose must depend on its life expectancy, previous local experience, roughness coefficient, structural strength and local availability. Table 2.2 shows the common materials that are suitable for sanitary sewers. Sewer pipes made by different material have different diameters and lengths. Table 2.2 Pipe Materials for Gravity Sewer Types of Pipe Material Length (m) Diameter (mm) Pipe Joints Vitrified clay pipe (VCP) 0.6 1.0 100 300 Flexible Reinforced concrete pipe 1.83 150 3000 Spigot socket type with rubber rings > 375mm diameter 3.05 Fabricated steel with sulphates resistance cement lining 9 100 1500 Spigot socket, flange and mechanical > 750mm diameter Welded joints Cast iron 3.66 Vary Flange and spigot socket type Asbestos cement pipe 4 100 600 Plastic pipe 6 110 630 Spigot end and socket type with rubber seals, jointing by flanges, welding and solvent cementing Other material CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction In this research, a field work will be conducted to get the information that will be used to reach the objectives of this research. 3.2 Preliminary Works This is the initial works that has to be done before conducting the field work at site. It includes information gathering on the topic of sewerage design and self-study on similar and related topics in order to learn more. 3.2.1 Information Gathering A series of books, articles and online information has to be studied to obtain information on the topic of sewerage design. Sources for sewerage design mostly come from abroad. However, the information on the method to evaluate the design criteria is obtained from related research by a local university. 3.2.2 Standard Code of Practice for Design and Installation of Sewerage Systems (MS1228:1991) With the reference to this code book, the design criteria and the factors to be considered for sewerage design is obtained. The equations to calculate the peak flow which depend on the population equivalent are all available in this standard code of practice. 3.3 Site Work A site has been identified for the field work data collection. The location of this site is in Tropicana Indah. Approval is still pending from IWK for access to their manholes. 3.3.1 Flow Characteristics Measurement The flow characteristic of a section of sewerage pipe systems can be measured by using a flow meter. This flow meter is provided with sensor which will automatically record the flow, velocity and water height at a specific time interval, which in this case is 5 minutes. Once the measurement is completed, the data from the flow meter will be linked to a computer that has Flowlink4 software. This software would aid the plotting of graphs for the 3 parameters (flow, velocity and height) as well as transfer of data to other software. From the data, the maximum and minimum hourly flow rate can be obtained. The average flow rate can be used to calculate per capita flow. Flow per capita = Average daily flow (m3/day) / Total population equivalent (PE) = m3/day/person The evaluation of peak factor and per capita flow for sewerage can also be done through the data obtained from field experiment. The equations that are used for sewerage design are as follow: a. Peak flow factor = 4.7 ÃÆ'- p-0.11 b. Average daily flow = Flow per capita ÃÆ'- PE = m3/day c. Peak domestic flow = Peak flow factor ÃÆ'- Average daily flow = 4.7 ÃÆ'- p-0.11 ÃÆ'- Flow per capita ÃÆ'- PE = m3/day From MS 1228:1991, the p value is an estimated PE in thousands and the average flow per capita is 225 L/day/person.

The Global Expansion Of Toyota Marketing Essay

The Global Expansion Of Toyota Marketing Essay Using one specific company with which you are familiar, examine the actual and potential impacts of globalization on that company. Explain the reasoning behind the points you make. Evaluate possible strategies going forward which the company might use to respond to impacts of globalization you have identified. Globalization can be described as a historical transformation in political, social, economy and cultural diversity (J.H. Mittelman, 2001). The United Nations on the other hand to describe globalization as a concept that refers both to an increasing flow of goods and resources across national borders and to the emergence of completely set of organizational structures to manage the expanding network of international economic activities and transactions (UNCTAD, 1997a, p. 70). In simple terms it is a process of interaction and integration among peoples, companies and different countries. Which includes the corporate strategies, consumption patterns, regulatory capabilities and governance, technology, the globalization of financial markets, and socio-cultural processes. The globalization can be detected from the increase of manufacturing Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), and financial capital flows. In todays business environment, most of companys activities are naturally become globally. Gradually, organizations have recognized that globalization creates unlimited opportunities of worldwide market. However at the mean time, its also brings negative parts such as: highly competitive environment and threats. On this paper, the Toyota Motor corporation being chosen as reference company, where based on China market to identify what is exist and potential effect of globalization on business, and provide possible solutions for Toyota sustainable development. While, the PEST analysis tool will apply for Toyotas business situation analysing to explain how Toyota influence by political, social, economic, and technological. The multinational enterprise (MNE). A multinational corporation (MNC), sometimes called a transnational corporation(TNC). Is a company that has headquarters in home country but manages production in other counties. In the past two decade, the multi-national corperation (MNCs) plays a role of monopoly, they were able to get business advantages from host country by using the colonial power. In other word, they can get concessions from host countries by using home governments influence (Ohmae, 1995). Whereas, since the rapid growth in world trade and investment, this colonial power no longer existed. Instead, the world market becomes to more competitive. Most importantly, the rising of global practice and thinking between companies and countries has made business interests and orientations more necessary than ever (Abbas, J. 2000). Background on Toyota Since the rapid development of global integration the automobile industry becomes one of the worlds most important economic sectors by revenue. Toyota is one of representative multinational enterprise in the world. Its established in 1937 by Sakichi Toyoda, till present day Toyota was conducts both domestic and global marketing with 52 oversea manufacturing companies in 27 countries. Toyota market and sold the vehicles approximate 7 million in more than 170 countries every year, worldwide employees is 320.808 (Annual report, 2009). As a market leader Toyota holding 15 per cent market share among all the other automobile brands (Business week, 2009).The key success element of Toyota is commitment to designing, engineering and build cars to every target market area. Due to this reason Toyota faced great impact from globalization; the impact can be both negative and positive and differs by context such as new markets, cheaper location for investment, multi-choice of suppliers for raw ma terial and services, and cheaper labor cost. However it can also carry the negative parts. First, the world automobile market is change in economic conditions affecting, and highly competitive environments in which Toyota operates. Second the market highly volatile. Last the global auto crisis was seriously hit down Toyotas market profit. The Global Expansion of Toyota In 2008, Toyota to officially become world largest automaker, the rapid expansion is the main reason Toyota able to overtake GM as worlds top car firm. Toyota operated business across the entire world, which including: Sales vehicle in Africa and Russia and sales leader in Australia. Toyota were Launched Lexus and SCION in United States and norther American market. Figure Toyota sales by region. (Source: Toyota annual report, 2009) In recent years, Toyota has focus on global market expansion, especially, China market. Because the tendency of Chinese consumption pattern is change. Toyota FDI in China. China overtake United States become to new fdi destination by 2004. This is due to the China adoption reform and opening up policy in the late 1970. Toyota believes that Chinas market is potentially as large as the U.S. Market. Toyota aims consistently increase investment in China to grow production capacity and add to product lineup along with begin to produce Camry at Guangzhou Toyota Motor Co., Ltd on May 2006. According to XinHua News report that Toyota intend to invest about $700 million in its first fully-fledged research and Development base (RD) in China. Because, Toyota wants to increase the production in China. Since 2005, Toyota through the form of join-venture with Chinese company (FAW Group Corporation) to build first plant in SiChuan province until now, Toyota was invested to build seven plants in China, and another six plants of Toyota also joint-ventures with FAW. Toyota establish oversea plant in response to incentives such as tariffs, reduction of labour cost, and Toyota production system The PEST analysis on Toyota Political The auto industry is subject to various governmental rules and policies. The political environment of China does favor enterprises with foreign investment. According to Government policy 2009, the Chinese government levies low tax on enterprise with foreign investment, and preferential tax policies are offered to the sectors and regions where investment is encourage by the state. And the low tax policy reflected in three aspects: income tax, circulation tax, and import-stage value-added tax. At the same time, the China government announced several preferential policies to encourage auto consumption, which include the people who living countryside can enjoy 10% subsidy of the original vehicle price for their buy it. Second, the tax of purchase small-displacement vehicles was cut from 10% to 5% (Chinavestor, 2010). These preferential policies stimulated auto consumption significantly, and attract more foreign automobile company invest in China. On the other hand, government play the role of savior. For example, the government bailout policy: in 2009, Toyota was require for emergency loan from the Japan Bank, with the amount of more than 3 billion US dollars. The purpose of the emergency loan is to dealing with cash flow problem or some other cases. Economic The Peoples Republic of China is the second biggest economy in the world (first is United States), and it is worlds fastest-growing economy as well with annual economic growth averaging nearly 9% over the last three decade. The role of China in the world are the factory of the world, because China provides a cheap labour cost, and low cost base for export-oriented production. The major advantage of Toyota is the strong cash position. However, if compare with GM, Toyota still existed weak credit ratings, rising health-care and pension costs, and losses in its automotive division. Toyota expects through use its strong cash position to expanding all over the world increase its commitment to RD. Social The population of China is beyond one billion, it is a largest country in the world by population. The households size: 3.1, total households in China were 351,233,698, as we know the Toyota segmenting group is Households, usually, this group of people in China have middle or upper of income level with good education background age around 25 to 65. Technological The Toyota product line consist of: Electric technology, Plug-in hybrids, All-electric vehicles, Cars, Pickup trucks, Luxury-type vehicles. Toyota is one of largest automobile companies to promote hybrid vehicles in the market. Beside the production lineup, there are have one more important factor able to shapes technology adoption at Toyota plants, which are governments foreign investments control power. The business in China, Chinese government controls type of technological standards on firms operating in the country. The impact of globalization on Toyota. Operating in global market is a challenge for Toyota. Even though the globalization created unlimited opportunities for Toyota, but the adverse affect should not be ignored. The impact of exchange rates on Toyota. The currency exchange rates are very powerful can affect trade investment, finance, tourism, oversea economic transactions, import and export prices of goods and services. Toyota attaches great importance to the fluctuation in foreign currency exchange rates and this is particularly evident in fluctuation between the value of the Japanese yen, the U.S. dollar, Chinese Yuan, and the euro. The negative impact resulting from fluctuation in foreign currency exchange rates may affect Toyotas global performance. The following table illustrates Japanese yen per $1.00 during the periods display Fiscal Year Ended or Ending March 31. At End of Period Average (of month-end rates) (Â ¥ per $ 1.00) High Low 2005 107.22 107.28 114.30 102.26 2006 117.48 113.67 120.93 104.41 2007 117.56 116.55 121.81 110.07 2008 99.85 113.61 124.09 96.88 2009 99.15 100.85 110.48 87.80 2010 (through June 19,2009) 96.15 96.82 100.71 94.45 (Source: Toyota annual report 2009) This table shows that, the yen has been strong when translation with US dollars. According to Toyotas annual financial statement, which clearly present a financial situation of Japanese yen are affected by translation risk and foreign currency transaction risk. The fluctuation of foreign currency change rates may affect the price of Toyotas products in worldwide market and use foreign currencies to purchases materials. Since 2009, Japan central bank to show sign of Japanese yen will further appreciates against U.S. dollars. It can cause adverse effect to Toyotas reported operating results and financial condition. Because Japanese yen is rapidly, consistently appreciates against other foreign currencies that will force Toyota to markup the price of all the export products. But the rapid increase value of Japanese yen can have favorable effect on material purchased, but it only inside of Japan. For Toyota oversea operations still suffered with high raw materials, and gasoline, due to the profit margins was fallen, when translated from dollars back to yen. The impact of consumer preferences on Toyota (Source: Annual Repot, 2006) This table illustrate that, Toyota has build different product line across the China to fulfill local market demand. The consumer preferences are one of the most important factors shaping international production for Toyota. The trend of distinct national preferences is spread every corner of the world. The homogeneity of preferences lead to Toyotas product reduces the benefits of manufactory in China, because of complicated relationship between car design and differences in consumer preferences as a typical example, the Ford promote new car Mondeo to the worldwide but the sales was not good as they expected, because Ford neglected focus localizing production. In particular, after the second oil crisis, Toyota was enhance the production aims to provide an effective and creative production design to gain more market share in China (i.e., Toyotas Corolla produce by global platform and modified for different region to match consumers needs). But Toyota has ignored the preferences are not yet homogeneous across all of China, even in the target region, there are have several differences local tastes of demand. In contrast, the Hondas Accord is also use the global platform but modified the cars exterior body to different specific market area, thus, Honda has completely different automobile production line for each target market, i.e., the difference platforms between Japan, Thailand and China. Due to this reason Toyota fall into extremely passive position compare to other competitors. The Impact of United States Financial Crisis on Toyota . The United States financial crisis of 2007 has considered being the worst economic crisis since the 1930s great depression. The main factor trigger of the financial crisis was the United States real estate bubble was busted, caused property price tied by the value of securities, then the price of house was decline straightly, not only America this financial tsunami has wave to the entire world. Which contributed consumer lost approximate hundreds of billions of U.S. Dollar, several key businesses have failed, and the stock markets have fallen significantly. Obviously, the financial crisis has been hit down United States economy heavily; even the bailout of banks by national government has measured. But the financial markets havent showed the sign of recovery. As biggest auto-maker in north America Toyota was faced an unprecedented situation by the financial recession. The adverse results are largely, the vehicle sale hardest hit in northern America and Europe market with drop in sales of 673 thousand vehicles() especially, the sales of Toyotas luxury division Lexus was drop significantly. Moreover, increase price of crude oil and iron and steel raw material impact Toyotas operation, this fiscal year was drop 68 percent of benefits compare with previous fiscal year and according to Toyota annual report, the net profit loss of 4.2 billion U.S dollars (Toyota Annual Report, 2009). Last the financial market recession resulted negative impacts to Toyotas accumulation of capital. Due to the financial downturn, the organizations or financial institutions may unable to provide capital to the market. The impact from competitive environment to Toyota. Figure:share of U.S. Auto market. (Source) According to this pie chart, GM, which is 18.2%, is the biggest automaker in U.S. among all the motor corporations, then is Toyota with 15.8%, followed by Ford, making up 14.3%: and the next coming is Chrysler at 12.1%. From the pie chart is obviously shows that the big three automaker are still the largest domestic producers which making up 44.6% market share. The United States market always has been a prime concern for Toyota.. Due to its trade liberalization, highly developed, market demand(U.S. Auto market is about ten times bigger than the Canadian market). Especially, the demanding of Toyota luxury division Lexus was increased in recent years. However the U.S. automotive market is highly competitive at least fifteen auto company was market their product in U.S. market. Toyota as a foreign brand faces intense competition from other competitors. The highly competitive business environment lead to cause lower vehicle units sales and inventory backlog. This caused Toyota downward price pressure. The factors influence competition including: quality of product, post-purchase services, and reliability. However, Toyota faced unexpectedly quality problem with sudden unintended acceleration, which caused Toyota economic damages nearly $7 billion, the 94,000 vehicles has been recalled. Sustainability development of Toyota Establishment of Global Special Committee for Global Quality control Implemented approaches to address a deterioration in information gathering and information sharing practices between headquarters and the regional offices. These problem are seen to be the harmful side effects of the rapid globalization. The function of this committee are restructure the quality management system Strategies of interest rate swaps and localized in respond to fluctuation of Money exchange rate. In order to reduce the adverse affect of fluctuation foreign currency exchange rates, Toyota use some certain derivative financial tool such as interest rate swaps and increase the target market production of localized. Likewise, increase the investment in target market to increase production capacity and build local raw material supply chain, that can as possible as minizing losses on currency translation. Nonetheless, the adverse affect still existed, Toyota have to maintain a high level of vigilance the dynamics of international exchange market. Product diversification in respond to highly competitive auto market. In the highly competitive global business environment, Conclusion In todays global business environment multinational enterprise become more important, because countries adoption of opening oriented to promote the economic growth by attract Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). The multinational enterprise plays the role of investor between countries. Whereas, the business environment will become more competitive follow with the increased FDI. As the world forth largest multinational enterprise, Toyota faced several affect from globalization, which can be classified as political, government regulations, economic environment, social lifestyle, and technological factors. Due to those of factor Toyota will continue to seek the way of sustainable development that use some strategy or approach to solve problems, such as, open a new market with innovative product. But there are not ensure Toyota will have a bright future. Car sales around the world in 2009: mostly down . The Truth About Cars. Retrieved 2010-09-09. Automobile Industry Introduction. Plunkett Research. 2008. Retrieved 2010-09-09. World Factbook; Japan-Economy. CIA. 2010.09.05 Retrieved 2010.09.05 Byars, L., 1991. Strategic Management, Formulation and implementation-Concepts and Cases. New York: HarperCollins Johnson, G., Scholes, K., 1993. Exploring Corporate Strategy-Text and Cases. Hemel Hempstead: Prentice-Hall Toyota, 2006. Geared toward Continuing Growth, Annual report 2005-2006. Japan: Tyouta Toyota., 2009. The Right Way Forward, Annual Report 2009. Japan: Toyota Toyota, 2010. Sustainability Report 2009-2010. Japan: Toyota EcPulse., 2010. Toyota to Invest $700 Million for RD in China. 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