Tuesday, January 21, 2020

College Admissions Essay: Community Leadership :: College Admissions Essays

Community Leadership I had no idea what to expect. The name "Leadership Camp" stuck out like a sore thumb and I was intrigued by something that attempted to deal with an aspect of my personality that people had always told me I possessed. Rob Geis, a close friend of the family, and one of the organizers of the camp, suggested that I join, and I'm very glad I did. I'm afraid that giving an adequate explanation of what Leadership Camp offers is virtually impossible because I believe that every one of the 26 students in my group took something different away from it. I really was, and am, tired of the typical "leader" characterization: executives, dictators, presidents of this-that-and-the-other, bosses, etc. I wanted to see if this group thought outside of the box in that way. I also wanted to calm my tendencies to "take over" things. My goals were to learn to communicate more democratically, to concentrate on being an effective leader without alienating anyone, to seem more like a friend than a dictator, and also to relax my edginess when I am faced with lots of responsibility. I am still a bit ambivalent on how to feel about Leadership Camp. Basically, every day we concentrated on a specific area of leadership and had a speaker come in to lecture. Each speaker brought his or her own style and it was quite interesting to see the more human, fun, enthusiastic sides of these teachers - aspects to which students in their classes may not be accustomed. For my Cummunity Leadership Project, I tossed around many ideas. I finally settled on something that grabbed my heart. I read about a Primate Rescue Center (PRC) in a nearby county. Immediately I phoned them and began volunteering, once a week for 3 hours each time. I was introduced to 11 chimpanzees (Cory, Ike, Pasna, Tina, Jenny, Rodney, Donald, Hazel, Victoria, and Zulu) and close to 40 monkeys including macaques, colobus, siamang gibbons, a baboon, and others. Becky Wagner and Rachel Weiss, the caretakes and workers there, told me that the Good Foods Co-op used to donate produce last year, but then somehow there was a breakdown in communication, and that had since ceased.

Monday, January 13, 2020

The Theory of the Canadian Politics

Power and control is what the Canadian government try†s to establish. Government engagement in business is becoming too strong as â€Å"in 1992, 6 of Canada†s 100 largest corporations were operated by, government or government agencies throughout Canada†, (Canadian Democracy pg. 88). The problem with government control in business is that it restricts sole proprietors from investing in certain aspects of business such as Ontario†s liquor industry. In order to restrict government control of business three issues need to be taken into consideration; laws allowing privatization on crown corporations, more government attention establishing social issues that are out of reach to Canadian entrepreneurs for example education and health care. Furthermore incorporated laws need to be developed in order to minimize government control. As Canada moves into the 20th century economic policies are becoming too government controlled and as a result of this Canada is leaning towards a government run bureaucracy. Minimal government control of Canada†s business will contribute significantly to a more prosperous Canadian economy. Which is why it is important for government control to be minimal and allow for privatization of crown corporations. In Ontario liquor sales are down 22% compared to a provinces such as Quebec who have a privatized liquor industry. Since Ontario currently has a greater population than Quebec, obviously liquor sales are higher due to privatization of the industry, which allows more business to be established which makes it more convenient for the consumer to buy because there are many more liquor stores. However the liquor industry is only one of the primary companies that are government controlled. â€Å"Canadians who buy their gas at Petro Canada who watch CDC, TVO or Radio Quebec or who watch other provincial educational T. V networks, who travel Via rail or who pay electricity bills†(Canadian Democracy), are all contributing to government run alliances. To prove privatization has been successful the Quebec liquor industry, as well as the MBA programs at Universities such as Queens and McMaster are both that privatization is a success. Since the government was unable to fund such programs to it†s potential, privatization was an obligation in order to have an efficient program (statistics shown on Queens and McMaster university web pages). Students in the MBA programs at these schools agree that privatization was effective as they now have more advanced resources to work with. Clearly facts have proven that a privatized business/program/industry, is more beneficial not only a Canadian economy but as well as society. Another problem that Canadian†s face is that the government doesn†t focus enough of his attention on social issues concerning Canadians such as; education, health care, environment, welfare, foreign inspections on imports and Income tax. Many of Canada†s collage and university students are moving to the United States because the job opportunities are more abundant and income taxes are much lower. â€Å"Because the bulk of the education is paid for by the government (taxpayers) we are effectively subsidizing US industry by providing skilled labor. Many conservative people argue that this is one reason why students should bear the entire cost of their education. This alternative would close the post-secondary door on many poor people in this country† (www. watleo. ca/~cdsmith/txs/education). An alternative is that the government should turn aside the money that they are currently paying colleges and universities into student loans. Once the student graduates and receives employment this loan could be paid back in the form of income taxes. However if the student decides to work in the US their income tax will no longer compensate for the student loan, as they will have to pay off the loan personally. This method of educational funding would increase the number of students attending post secondary education because finance is a capital reason why some students do not attend collage or university. Another issue facing the Canadian education system is private schools vs. public schools. Canadian statistics prove that students attending private schools are more likely to attend university compared to people enrolled in the public system. The government needs to offer better educational funding in order to provide additional teachers to cut class sizes, as well as more resources. These changes will decrease class size, which will offer more one on one student to teacher attention that will help students prepare for a higher education. Healthcare is another major social issue that the government needs to establish; it is important for Canada to reduce the cost of basic healthcare services. Although Canada†s healthcare administration costs are low compared to the US, the US is associated with higher levels of medical research and development as well as increased amounts of advanced equipment i. e. â€Å"the city of Philadelphia has more MRI machines than all of Canada combined†(www. watleo. uwaterloo. ca/cdsmith. health. html. com). In Canada there are many people who abuse the healthcare system, in order to stop this, government should stop charging a basic fee for medical services and offer a tax refund for those who do not use the medical service provided. This would increase the efficiency of the current universal medical system in Canada and wouldn†t cost the government any money, as the refund would be proportional to the savings, because not as many people would then use the medical system. In addition to social issues in need of government assistance, environmental funding is needed to research issues such as air pollution, water conditions, the ozone and animal habitat which is always an on going environmental issue. On the topic of environment and health, the Toronto Star reported that inspection laws associated with NAFTA need to be stricter as poisonous strawberries imported form Mexico are currently being sold in the Canadian market. The National Post is reporting that 85% of Canadians are upset by the amount of money they pay in tax. StatsCan figures released on April 14th state that Canadians incomes are not keeping pace with economic growth. â€Å"We†re all working harder than ever and we†re not seeing our take home pay rise. It†s got to stop. Governments must take action to cut taxes and increase real take home pay†(Ontario PC Party). The government also needs to flatten income taxes because each province in Canada pays a different income tax rate Quebec than BC being the highest. We could also lower our income taxes if we were to be like the US and impose income tax on inheritance and lottery winnings, which would allow government to reduce personal income tax. A further social government issue that needs to be worked on is welfare. Welfare laws need to be modified because people on welfare have no incentive to look for a job or enroll in training. Welfare fraud is a big issues in some provinces of Canada (fraud and welfare abuse cost Ontario taxpayers an estimated $100 million last year), as well Canada needs to eliminate welfare payments to jail inmates as this is contributing to the millions of dollars wasted each year. It is made clear through the facts and evidence stated why the government needs to focus more upon social issues such as welfare, taxes, education, healthcare and foreign import laws. These government run programs are out of reach to entrepreneurs. Thus Canada needs the government to concentrate and control theses issues, rather than infringing upon Canadian business and economy. Lastly Since research has proven no laws limiting legitimate government control over large companies these laws need to be established and enforced because the government already has to much control over the Canadian economy. Laws need to be created in order to monitor government control and creation of monopolies. Trough extensive research currently there were no laws found that entail government control of business. Government already has a big impact on the pass of laws so this could be why there are no laws limiting their control of business i. e. Ontario liquor, CBC, Via rail, TVO, Petro Canada etc. However the part of business the government must stay in charge of are companies that produce money, the mint, nuclear power plants, army, police forces etc. These are all government run agencies that can not be privatized due to obvious reasons. If anyone could produce money than the Canadian dollar would have no value and the Canadian economy would crash, i. e. the Russian economy. The issue concerning too much government control over business that can be run by entrepreneurs can be resolved by passing â€Å"fair† laws concerning government control over business. This law would limit the amount of control and what the government can control in the Canadian economy. In conclusion as facts have proven above Canadian economic policies are becoming too government controlled, which is resulting in a government run bureaucracy. As government monopolies are becoming to strong it begins to decrease entrepreneurial opportunities for Canadian citizens and is why all business should be privatized. If the government were to allow privatization of some industries it would allow for more job opportunity, profit and a better Canadian economy. As well the government should concentrate more on social issues concerning Canadians such as healthcare, education, taxation etc, these issues could be emphasized on more by privatizing some crown corporations. Lastly law issuing limiting government control is allowed will result in a more prosperous economy. Therefore if all of these issues are handle more efficiently as outlined than Canada†s economy will be booming and it will create more opportunity in the job market for Canadian citizens.

Sunday, January 5, 2020

Historical Events that Impacted Contact Improvisation...

Historical Events that Impacted Contact Improvisation Dance has evolved greatly throughout the centuries. It began with ballet and has led up to contact improvisation. This form of dance begun in the early 1970s and was started by a man named Steve Paxton and a group of postmodern dancers from New York City. Contact improvisation is a partnering form of dance and known as the art of moving spontaneously with a group or another person. This form of dance does not require the exact set of traditional skills of other dance form, it doesn’t have a technique that could be studied, and it is practiced in order to accomplish the highest potential. Contact improvisation came at a great time period, which of course was the 70s. The†¦show more content†¦Although the Watergate Scandal was an important event during this time period I don’t think it greatly affected contact improvisation. Another important historical event that occurred during this time period was the end of the Cold War. In 1975, under President Gerald Ford the US joined the USSR and thirty-three other countries to sign the Helsinki Accords that each member of nations vowed to respect human rights and boundaries. I think the whole end of the Cold War greatly affected this dance. I think by using contact improvisation it sort of represented people’s feelings better by being able to interact with each other. So by using contact improvisation I think the dancers were able to get their point across to the audience better. Therefore, the end of the Cold War was probably very important for contact improvisation and expressing yourself. Finally, the Vietnam War was another important historical event going on in the 1970s. When Nixon was president he sent American troop strength in Vietnam. He also set up a program of Vietnamization, which was decreasing the number of U.S. troops, offering only advice and assistance. The U.S. troops eventually returned from Vietnam but the U.S. did not stop with its involvement in Vietnam. Nixon then extended the war into Laos and Cambodia, there is secretly authorized bombing in order toShow MoreRelatedThe History and Evoluition of Dance1221 Words   |  5 Pagesinstitution, recognized as being an important function in civilized life. The following essay will focus on the theory and work of artist Isadora Duncan, while incorporating lecture notes and articles of both authors Sally Bane and Ann Daly to explain the historical situations that culminated in the development of early modern dance. Arising from the 20th century modern dance was a form of cultural collaboration and e xploration, as well as a resistance to colonial repression. Modern dance allowed for the experimentationRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagesregimes, novel conceptions of management controls, the impact of globalizing forces on commercial aVairs, shifts in notions of eVective knowledge management, governance, and ethics, and technological advances, including the rise of broadband, have all impacted management accounting endeavours. The Weld is today, as fast-changing as it has ever been. This book captures key facets of current thoughts, concerns, and issues in management accounting. The book consists of eighteen chapters written by distinguishedRead MoreI Love Reading Essay69689 Words   |  279 Pagesaverage annual growth rate in enterprises per year during the period 1998 to 2005 was 4.80% and the average annual growth rate in total employment during over the same period was 2.49%. 6 Dwijendra Tripathy (ed.) ‘Business Communit ies of India: A Historical Perspective’, 1984, page 18. 7 See Tripathy supra note 6 as above, page 18- 19; Timberg supra note 1 as above, page 15 quoting DR Gadgil, ‘Origins of the Modern Indian Business Class’, 1958, page 1-16; see also, R Gopalakrishnan, ‘Prosperity BeyondRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pages48 48 48 . viii Contents Chapter 2 Modernist organization theory: back to the future? Introduction Modernist organization theory in context What is modernism? Modernism and architecture What is modernist organization theory? The historical roots of modernist organization theory Classical theory of organization Modernist organization theory: an overview The modernist ontology: the ordered world of the modernist organization The epistemological level: the scientific approach to organization

Saturday, December 28, 2019

Informative Speech Bullying Is Everybody s Problem

Informative Speech Outline â€Å"Bullying is Everybody s Problem† Introduction I. What do we know about bullying? It turns out that with our busy lives, bullying is mostly imperceptible. Have you ever asked yourself why your son, your nephew or a close relative, refuses to go to school? Why the child is always complaining of stomachaches or other diseases in the mornings? II. If so, your child is likely to be a victim of bullying. However, you may not realize that bullying is a real issue that unfortunately affects many children. Many people think that bullying is only things between kids. The typical comment is I cannot have the child in a glass bell. Nowadays, having so many responsibilities such as work, school, the family, it can be challenging to meet the needs and problems of our children. As a result, they can feel unprotected and unconfident for sharing their problems. III. Today I would like to share with you the meaning of bullying and the two most common types of it, how to detect them, and some tips on how to deal with them. Let’s begin with what bullying is and the two common types. Body I. One of the biggest misunderstandings about bullying is actually what bullying is and the definition. A. So, â€Å"Bullying is a repeated pattern of intentional aggressive behavior between two children when there is a power imbalance†.1 1. According to Pamela Orpinas, PhD, MPH, an associate professor in the Department of Health Promotion and Behavior, College of Public Health,Show MoreRelatedOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesmanaging, organizing and reflecting on both formal and informal structures, and in this respect you will find this book timely, interesting and valuable. Peter Holdt Christensen, Associate Professor, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark McAuley et al.’s book is thought-provoking, witty and highly relevant for understanding contemporary organizational dilemmas. The book engages in an imaginative way with a wealth of organizational concepts and theories as well as provides insightful examples from the

Thursday, December 19, 2019

Effects Of War On Military Families - 1286 Words

Coming into this project, I had a vague idea of the effects of war on military families. Of course, I knew there were struggles with in a family that has a soldier or a veteran, but I didn’t understand the full concept wholly. One of my questions coming into the project was what are the benefits for military families? I figured that there was just a fine line of what benefits a military family gets regarding financial stances, but I was completely wrong. I learned that there are different situations, certain ages, and marital status requirements. I think I was so fascinated with this question because I’ve grown up seeing a few people whose family member has been in or is currently in war, and they struggle financially and I wanted to understand why that was the case. I questioned the emotions of the military families and if those emotions are the generally the same across every military family. This was a tough question and I still don’t have a complete answer, b ut I found that every single military family has a different reaction. No one family goes through the same issues as another. Like I said about the financial situations, I was fascinated with war effects on military families because I have seen it with my friend and her family. My concept of military families has grown more, but I will never fully understand the situations or emotions because I have never been in the situation myself. Researching for military families was not an easy task to do because it wasShow MoreRelatedThe Effects War Has on Military Families1194 Words   |  5 PagesWar is one of the most powerful threats we have on the Earth today. War can bring about a variety of things in a variation of different ways and it is completely up to the government to decide a countrys war position. It is up to individuals that will under no circumstances have to experience what they have created, but what happens to the soldiers they send in to battle for them and their familie s. For the soldiers they are trapped with an involvement unlike any other known to man, stuck with memoirsRead MoreThe Impact Of Military Service Members Ptsd1720 Words   |  7 PagesImpact of Military Service Members PTSD Introduction Military work is complex and wide. The soldiers are normally deployed to wars during the war time or deployed to complex rescue missions whenever needed. This is in the belief that military personnel are the most robust trained personnel who can handle the toughest situations and conditions in life. However, for everything there exists a limit. This is because military personnel are normal human beings. They have humanity in them and military work isRead MoreMilitary Death and the Families’ Reaction to Losing Their Loved Ones1103 Words   |  5 Pagesover this devastating time. For this paper I will discuss the effects of Military Death and the families’ reaction to losing their loved ones. Serving your country is one of the best things an individual can achieve. It gives a sense of security to know that you are able to fight for the rights of others and maintain this great level of freedom that our fathers, uncles and brothers fought for in the war. Since 2001, thousands of military soldiers have been shipped to Iraq and Afghanistan, where theyRead MoreFamily Implications Of The World War I And II, Korea, And Vietnam863 Words   |  4 PagesFamily Implications As we look at the over, arching aspect of family implications, the most common aspect associated to this is the number of service member deaths. By the numbers alone, those killed in conjunction to the operations of the past 14 years do not hold a candle to the sheer numbers of World Wars I and II, Korea, or Vietnam. We must look past these numbers and look at all injuries, which will then significantly increase the casualty numbers. Many of the millions of wounded warriorsRead MoreU.s. Soldiers During The Vietnam War1472 Words   |  6 PagesU.S. Soldiers in the Vietnam War To this day, many Vietnam veterans suffer and feel forgotten, unappreciated, and even discriminated against. Combat experiences or physical disabilities have ruined some of their lives. For more, returning to normal life had not been easy. Imagine if you had just graduated out of high school and were sent to a guerrilla warfare far away from your home. During the war, you were exposed to a lot of stress, confusion, anxiety, pain, and hatred. Then you were sentRead MoreThe World War II ( Ww2 )1649 Words   |  7 Pages The Second World War, more commonly known as World War II (WW2), was a globally destructive war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. Although the major causes of the war began earlier the trigger that caused the ripple effect on the major warring countries was Nazi Germany’s invasion of Poland. The prime belligerents were Germany and Japan who were part of the Axis powers during the war, warring against the United States, Great Britain, and France who were catego rized within the Allied Powers. AlthoughRead MoreA Soldier s Sacrifice : Military Influence On The Twentieth Century1251 Words   |  6 PagesA Soldier’s Sacrifice: Military Influence in Music into the Twentieth Century The progressive era was a period of social activism and political reform that tested the strength of the country’s military. The devastating conflict of World War permeated much distress, that resulted in many American troops to be deployed overseas in active warzones. Music became a prominent feature on the battlefield and home front. The destruction of war created a motivation for political change and an inspirationRead MoreThe Cold War On The Soviet Union1230 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cold War’s effect on the Soviet Union Shortly after the World War 2 ended, the United States and its North Atlantic Treaty Organization allies entered the cold war with the Soviet Union. Germany was divided in half and later, the Berlin Wall was constructed as a physical boundary between the Soviet controlled East Germany and NATO controlled West Germany. This standoff continued until the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991. The cold war had a huge influence on the world stage, but also had a majorRead MoreEssay on Women Dealing with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder638 Words   |  3 PagesPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder on Returning US Military Personnel. Journal of Health Care Finance, 36(4), 65-74. This article presents an overview of the significant cost of health care for returning military personnel diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This article explains how there is a greater need for evidence-based treatment for PTSD returning military members served in Iraq. The estimated cost of federal health care for return US military personnel with PTSD surpasses annuallyRead MoreWhat Are Invisible Wounds Of War?1411 Words   |  6 PagesWhat are invisible wounds of war? Compare and contrast the differences between PTSD and TBI. Discuss treatment for these two injuries, including the role of social workers. Ann Lee California State University, Sacramento Social work 191 Professor Lial March 12, 2016 Invisible wounds of war Invisible wounds of war are psychological and cognitive injuries; a deep scar that others cannot see or feel their pain. According to Pryce, Pryce, and Shackelford (2012), War produces undetectable injuries

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

Groupon free essay sample

Groupon gets commissions from the product and service providers. The providers are able to promote their products and gain benefits from the large quantity of orders. It is a model that can satisfy all the people: the customers, product sellers and the Groupon company. However, this business model is easy to imitate. It does not required high technology or unique skills to set up the business. Many internet companies, such as Google and Amazon, have stepped in this market. They have established similar business services. Those competitors are attempting to grab market share from the leader, Groupon. For example, Google has set up its own online group buying websites, Google offer, and released more attractive offers by lowering the price than the similar products or services on Groupon. Therefore, customers have more choices of online group buying providers. Customers are able to find better products from Groupon’s competitors. With intensive competition, Groupon needs to consider how to maintain its market share and how to improve its services to attract more return customers in the short run. We will write a custom essay sample on Groupon or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the long run, the company needs to think about how to improve the business model to make it more competitive. Alternatives Groupon could start a customer loyalty program to cultivate a high loyalty customer group. The company could build an award system for the program. The customers could earn certain points when they purchase the products. If they have achieved enough points, they could redeem those points to purchase new deals. The customers would spend more using this incentive because the customers could get more benefit if they shop more. The company could encourage its customer to keep shopping on its website and maintain the market share. But the reward system is easy to copy. Finally, the company has to choose whether to give more rewards than its competitors. Groupon could lose profits by giving away more benefits to the customers. Groupon could differentiate its service by sending customized offers. The company could require its customers to fill out preference information when they sign up for the website. The customers could get the customized deals regularly by emails. This strategy could periodically provide the customers with discounted services and products that they are interested in. But the process for the personal information may make the customers uncomfortable with it. Plan of action The company should choose the second alternative. By collecting the personal information, the company is able to analysis its customers’ needs in a more precise way. The company can build huge customer data base to find right products for the customers. The company could give special discount if the customer s can submit their preference information.

Wednesday, December 4, 2019

Essay Examples on Causes of the Russian Revolution Essay Example

Essay Examples on Causes of the Russian Revolution Paper 1st Essay Sample on Causes of the Russian Revolution Throughout global history, there have been major social, economic, and political revolutions. In Russia, these revolutions have a variety of complex causes and often have a vast impact on the lives of the people involved. First, social change was a major cause of the revolution and had a vast impact on the Russian people. Under the rule of the czar, the Russian people were treated horrible. The Russian social class was divided into two social classes into the serfs who are peasants and then the very rich. Peasants moved to the city and found new industries. They worked very long hours and their pay was very little. Most of them lived in slums that were nest of poverty and diseases. Also due to the fact that the czar ruled a vast and diverse place, he maintained a strict control over the people under the policy of Russification which meant that everyone had to act Russian. Another complex cause to this revolution is that the czar neglected his duties as a ruler. Czar Nicholas II main focus was to make the economy better and didn’t pay attention to the needs of the people. Many families were not able eat because everything was so high priced and their pay was too little to afford it. . In Animal Farm by George Orwell, the owner of the farm, Mr. Jones is supposed to represent Czar Nicholas II because he neglected his duties as a farmer and did not feed the animals and the animals rebelled against Mr. Jones and kicked him out. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Causes of the Russian Revolution specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Causes of the Russian Revolution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Causes of the Russian Revolution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer However, life after the czar’s abdication was much better under the rule of Lenin. As promised, Lenin signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany although it meant that Russia lost vast amount of land. Land was redistributed, the Bolsheviks took the land from the owners and gave it to the peasants and factories were handed over to the workers’ committee. 2nd Essay Sample on Causes of the Russian Revolution The Russian revolution was caused by the continual breakdown of the governments in Russia and the incompetency and authoritarian views of it’s czars. Their failures as leaders included policies that neither pleased nor benefitted the people. By the end of the nineteenth century, Russia’s economy, government, military, and social organization was at an extreme decline. Russia had become the least advanced of the major European nations in terms of political and social development. There was no parliament, and no middle class. The Church, officers, and other important people and institutions were firmly against social progress. The disastrous defeat of Russia in the Crimean War in 1855 and 1856 exposed weaknesses of Russia’s various For thefirst few decades of the 1800’s, Russia’s outlook was brighter under Alexander I, who was relatively liberal. He became more reactionary however, and following his death, a group of young army officers tried to overturn the Czardom. This was called the Decembrist Revolt. The next czar, Nicholas, was a die hard authoritarian. The Administrative system continued to decay regardless of his iron fisted rule. The gap between the rich and the poorer continued to widen. Over five hundred peasant revolts took place during his reign. Alexander II, who took the throne in 1855 tried to avert revolt by attempting reform. In 1861 he freed the serfs and gave them expectations of free land allotments. But to their surprise, and anger, they were only given the opportunity to share it as members of a village commune(mir). In addition, the mir had to pay back the government for the land over a period of 49 years with interest. Alexander also formed a series of elected local councils that gave districts restricted jurisdiction of certain aspects of life.